Nature of the Work

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. Engineers in this discipline work on power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines. They also work on power-using machines such as refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial production equipment, and robots used in manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also design tools that other engineers need for their work. In addition, mechanical engineers work in manufacturing or agriculture production, maintenance, or technical sales; many become administrators or managers.

Mechanical Information

Servicing Information

Possibly the most important bit to keep your truck running well

• Valve clearances 0.5mm inlet and exhaust (0.6 on non lead-converted LPG)
• Spark plug gap 0.7mm
• Engine oil 20w/50 (6 litres) 1.25l between min and max on the dipstick
• Gear oil EP80/90
• Grease the axle nipples and propshaft nipples as regularly as you can
  • NB the grease cups under the front axles housngs must be opened and cleaned regularly as they fill with sand/water/mud. A smal amount of silicone sealer may prevent or slow ingress.

• Axle bearings
  • Drive gear (upper/small gear)
    • SKF/FAG 6210 (single row radial ball, open) - dims: 50x90x20
    • INA/FAG/SKF BK4520 or IKO TLAM4520 (drawn cup closed needle bearing) - dims: 45x52x20
  • Driven gear (lower/large gear)
    • Timken JLM104948 (tapered roller/cone)
    • Timken JLM104910 (tapered race/cup)
    • Timken JLM508748 (tapered roller/cone)
    • Timken JLM508710 (tapered race/cup)
  • seals:
    • CR 23451 (STEFA, BB - dims:60x85x8), upper portal/axletube oil seal
    • CR 19687 (STEFA, BB - dims:50x90x10), inner hub grease/oil seal
    • STEFA, BY 80x92x28 (pn#32896 1) - outer hub grease seal -- *this is the impossible to find seal.
      
• Oil filter part number (UK) EOF046 - Volvo 164 high capacity can use EOF024 low capacity and change every 2k miles
• Air Filter part number
• Shock absorbers/dampers - Pro Comp ES9000 part number 927500 and fit perfectly
  

• Disc Brake Conversion

  Whilst this is not something I am planning due to the expense (£600 per axle) it has some very nice advantages that are worthy of discussion.

  The conversion simply changes the hub or stub axle and reduction gear so that a Landrover vented disc and calliper can be used. Not only do you then get superior braking and self cleaning properties the hub plate uses the Landrover 5 stud pattern so you can use whatever wheel you like. Whilst this is of little interest to us Volvo owners (in fact it simply adds even more expense), for those fitting Volvo axles to Landrovers or Range Rovers it mean they can reuse their own wheels so saving a hunk of change.

  Jez is the guy who makes the kit and I'll be getting photos and prices very soon, I hope.

  Fuel Cat lead replacement

• We are all aware that the Volvo engine needs leaded petrol and we mostly use replacement additive. I've been using the fuel cat for several thousand miles and it has been brilliant. No need for measuring out additive and I'm getting [very] slight improvement in consumption but the engine has been generally happier than on the additive.

  Snorkel

  I been through deep water once and it cause merry hell with the truck. The difflock lights still don't work, the air filter element got soaked and stalled the engine which wouldn't restart (no hydraulic lock thank goodness) and the electric fan threw a wobbly. So a snorkel is very high in the list.

  I've bought 10m of 70mm reinforced flexible pipe which fits perfectly over the airfilter opening and some 68mm black downpipe and finally an old mushroom snorkel top. Until I can find the ideal route I've replaced the rotten aluminium stuff with some nice plastic /rubber pipe.

  Conversion to unleaded Petrol/LPG friendly cylinder head - MORE POWER

  Having done about 5,000 km on LPG I found that low down power was getting worse and worse with me having to ride the clutch to get the truck moving. Over about 1500 rpm it was ok but it was seriously fluffy at low revs, off road it was not enjoyable. The engine was rough and noisy when I realised it was suffering from valve recession (the valve seat was being eaten away by the lack of lubrication in the fuel) so I checked the valve clearances, setting inlet to 0.5mm and exhaust to 0.6mm and started the engine .......... and it was lovely. It ran smoothly and quietly and had all its creamy smooth low down torque again. Unfortunately it did not last long with performance going off within 500km. The answer? A refurbished head with hardened exhaust valve seats and guides, easily and cheaply done.

  The cost of converting the head was about £250 for a full rebuild replacing anything that was worn or damaged with a similar amount to swap the head over on the engine (I used a spare head to get converted first). Included in the discussion was the opportunity to increase compression ratio (CR) by skimming the head. My information was that the B30E engines has a head thickness of 87mm compared to the military B30A's 89mm and made 150bhp in stead of 125bhp. I then discovered accidentally that the civilian C303 engines had a head 87mm thick and made 125bhp! This confused me at first until I realised that the TGBs had even lower compression heads and could only make about 110bhp so by skimming 2mm off the head I was almost guaranteed 125bhp and that 55mph cruising speed I desired. This is being put to the test (1st Oct 2006) and I'll let you know how I get on.

  Diesel Conversion

  Possibly the most controversial one of all. Many issues and many opinions, however they can be boiled down to this list:

• Engine only
• Engine and gearbox or
• Engine/box/transfer box complete
• Which engine
• What about gearing and gear shifts

I intend to get some fact together about which engines can be fitted and how easily although I am unlikely to change to diesel. I am intrigued about how it is done so I'm using a TGB20 engine in a frame made from a TGB20 chassis as a test bed for engine fitting starting with a Landrover 200TDi. I'll keep you posted

Climate Change and Water Sources Management: A Federal Perspective

Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation's water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers. The purpose of this interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change.

QX-A Diesel Fuel Tank Cleaning Tester

QX-A diesel fuel tank cleaning tester is suitable for cleaning various models of diesel fuel tank. This product design is unique, leading technology, simple operation, and can effectively remove impurities and water.

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe

STANDARD

GB3087 ——Seamless Steel Pipe For Low and Medium Pressure Boiler
GB5310 ——Seamless Steel Pipe For High Pressure Boiler
GB/T8162——Seamless Pipe For Structural
GB/T8163——Seamless Pipe For Fluid
ASME SA106 ——Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for high-temperature service
ASTM A106 —— Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

GRADE

10、20、20G、SA106B、SA106C、A106B、A106C

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STANDARD
GRADE
TENSILE STRENGTH(MPA)
MIN YIELD POINT(MPA)
ELONGATION (%)
IMPACT ENERGY（J）
HB
GB3087
10
335～475
≥195
≥24
　
/
20
410～550
≥245
≥20
　
/
GB5310
20G
410～550
≥245
≥24
≥35
/
GB/T8162
10
335
185～205
24
　
　
20
390
225～245
20
　
　
35
510
285～305
17
　
　
45
590
315～335
14
　
　
Q345
490
305～325
21
　
　
GB/T8163
10
335～475
195～205
24
　
　
20
410～550
235～245
20
　
　
Q295
430～610
285～295
22
　
　
Q345
490～665
315～325
21
　
　
ASME SA106
SA106B
≥415
≥240
≥22
≥35
/
SA106C
≥485
≥275
≥20
≥35
/
ASTM A106
A106 Gr.A
≥330
≥205
35 Longitudinal
　
　
25
Transverse
A106 Gr.B
≥415
≥240
30 Longitudinal
　
　
16.5 Transverse
A106 Gr.C
≥485
≥275
30 Longitudinal
　
　
16.5 Transverse

Quantum mechanics

The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:

Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Professional organizations

Applied Mechanics Division, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fluid Dynamics Division, American Physical Society
Institution of Mechanical Engineers is the United Kingdom's qualifying body for Mechanical Engineers and has been the home of Mechanical Engineers for over 150 years

See also

Analytical mechanics
Applied mechanics
Dynamics
Engineering
Kinematics
Kinetics

Further reading

Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1972). Mechanics and Electrodynamics, Vol. 1. Franklin Book Company, Inc. ISBN 0-08-016739-X.

External links


iMechanica: the web of mechanics and mechanicians
Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor
The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech
Physclips: Mechanics with animations and video clips from the University of New South Wales
U.S. National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Interactive learning resources for teaching Mechanics

Einsteinian versus Newtonian

Analogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made fundamental corrections to them, that become significant and even dominant as speeds of material objects approach the speed of light, which cannot be exceeded. Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics, although General relativity has not been integrated; the two theories remain incompatible, a hurdle which must be overcome in developing the Grand Unified Theory.
Types of mechanical bodies

Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc.
Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space.
Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. elastic, or non-rigid, i.e. fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study.
For instance, the motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics, while the analogous movements of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics.
Sub-disciplines in mechanics
The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics.

Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave function.
Classical mechanics

The following are described as forming Classical mechanics:
Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics)
Hamiltonian mechanics, a theoretical formalism, based on the principle of conservation of energy
Lagrangian mechanics, another theoretical formalism, based on the principle of the least action
Celestial mechanics, the motion of heavenly bodies: planets, comets, stars, galaxies, etc.
Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc.
Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
Acoustics, sound ( = density variation propagation) in solids, fluids and gases.
Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium
Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids

Classical mechanics

In the fields of physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of study in the science of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws governing and mathematically describing the motions of bodies and aggregates of bodies geometrically distributed within a certain boundary under the action of a system of forces. The other sub-field is quantum mechanics.

Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. It produces very accurate results within these domains, and is one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering and technology.

Besides this, many related specialties exist, dealing with gases, liquids, and solids, and so on. Classical mechanics is enhanced by special relativity for objects moving with high velocity, approaching the speed of light; general relativity is employed to handle gravitation at a deeper level; and quantum mechanics handles the wave-particle duality of atoms and molecules.

The term classical mechanics was coined in the early 20th century to describe the system of mathematical physics begun by Isaac Newton and many contemporary 17th century natural philosophers, building upon the earlier astronomical theories of Johannes Kepler, which in turn were based on the precise observations of Tycho Brahe and the studies of terrestrial projectile motion of Galileo, but before the development of quantum physics and relativity. Therefore, some sources exclude so-called "relativistic physics" from that category. However, a number of modern sources do include Einstein's mechanics, which in their view represents classical mechanics in its most developed and most accurate form. The initial stage in the development of classical mechanics is often referred to as Newtonian mechanics, and is associated with the physical concepts employed by and the mathematical methods invented by Newton himself, in parallel with Leibniz, and others. This is further described in the following sections. More abstract and general methods include Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics. Much of the content of classical mechanics was created in the 18th and 19th centuries and extends considerably beyond (particularly in its use of analytical mathematics) the work of Newton.

1 Description of the theory
1.1 Position and its derivatives
1.1.1 Velocity and speed
1.1.2 Acceleration
1.1.3 Frames of reference
1.2 Forces; Newton's Second Law
1.3 Energy
1.4 Beyond Newton's Laws
1.5 Classical transformations
2 History
3 Limits of validity
3.1 The Newtonian approximation to special relativity
3.2 The classical approximation to quantum mechanics
4 Branches
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links

Description of the theory

The following introduces the basic concepts of classical mechanics. For simplicity, it often models real-world objects as point particles, objects with negligible size. The motion of a point particle is characterized by a small number of parameters: its position, mass, and the forces applied to it. Each of these parameters is discussed in turn.

In reality, the kind of objects which classical mechanics can describe always have a non-zero size. (The physics of very small particles, such as the electron, is more accurately described by quantum mechanics). Objects with non-zero size have more complicated behavior than hypothetical point particles, because of the additional degrees of freedom—for example, a baseball can spin while it is moving. However, the results for point particles can be used to study such objects by treating them as composite objects, made up of a large number of interacting point particles. The center of mass of a composite object behaves like a point particl Position and its derivatives

Stainless Steel - Mechanical Properties

Background

The mechanical properties of stainless steels are almost always requirements of the product specifications used to purchase the product. For flat rolled products the properties usually specified are tensile strength, yield stress (or proof stress), elongation and Brinell or Rockwell hardness. Much less frequently there are requirements for impact resistance, either Charpy or Izod. Bar, tube, pipe, fittings etc. also usually require at least tensile strength and yield stress. These properties give a guarantee that the material in question has been correctly produced, and are also used by engineers to calculate the working loads or pressures that the product can safely carry in service.

Typical Properties

Typical mechanical properties of annealed materials are as in the graph of Figure 1. Note that the high cold work hardening rate of the austenitic grades in particular results in actual properties of some commercial products being significantly higher than these values. The yield stress (usually measured as the 0.2% proof stress) is particularly increased by even quite minor amounts of cold work. More details of the work hardening of stainless steels are given in the section of this handbook on fabrication.

Yield Strength

An unusual feature of annealed austenitic stainless steels is that the yield strength is a very low proportion of the tensile strength, typically only 40-45%. The comparable figure for a mild steel is about 65-70%. As indicated above a small amount of cold work greatly increases the yield (much more so than the tensile strength), so the yield also increases to a higher proportion of tensile. Only a few % of cold work will increase the yield by 200 or 300MPa, and in severely cold worked material like spring temper wire or strip, the yield is usually about 80-95% of the tensile strength.

Ductility

The other mechanical property of note is the ductility, usually measured by % elongation during a tensile test. This shows the amount of deformation a piece of metal will withstand before it fractures. Austenitic stainless steels have exceptionally high elongations, usually about 60-70% for annealed products, as shown in figure 2. It is the combination of high work hardening rate and high elongation that permits the severe fabrication operations which are routinely carried out, such as deep drawing of kitchen sinks and laundry troughs.

Hardness
Hardness (measured by Brinell, Rockwell or Vickers machines) is another value for the strength of a material. Hardness is usually defined as resistance to penetration, so these test machines measure the depth to which a very hard indenter is forced into a material under the action of a known force. Each machine has a different shaped indenter and a different force application system, so conversion between hardness scales is not generally very accurate. Although conversion tables have been produced these conversions are only approximate, and should not be used to determine conformance to standards.

It is also sometimes convenient to do a hardness test and then convert the result to tensile strength. Although the conversions for carbon and low alloy steels are fairly reliable, those for stainless steels are much less so.

Mechanical Properties of Wire and Bar

The mechanical properties of the majority of the stainless steel wire and bar products are generally sufficiently described by the tensile strength. These products require mechanical properties which are carefully chosen to enable the product to be fabricated into the finished component and also to withstand the loads which will be applied during service. Spring wire has the highest tensile strength of the wire generally manufactured; it must be suitable for coiling into tension or compression springs without breaking during forming. However, such high tensile strengths would be completely unsuitable for forming or weaving applications because the wire would break on forming. Weaving wires are supplied in a variety of tensile strengths carefully chosen so that the finished woven screen will have adequate strength to withstand the service loads, and yet soft enough to be crimped and to be formed into the screen satisfactorily. Mechanical properties of wire for fasteners are another example where a careful balance in mechanical properties is required. In this type of product the wire must be ductile enough to form a quite complex head but the wire must be hard enough so that the threads will not deform when the screw or bolt is assembled into the component. Good examples are roofing bolts, wood screws and self-tapping screws; to achieve the mechanical properties required for such components requires careful consideration of the composition of the steel so that the work hardening rate will be sufficiently high to form hard threads on thread rolling and yet not so high as to prevent the head from being formed.For bar products a compromise must also be made; a large proportion of bar will be machined, so it is important that the hardness be not too high, but better load carrying capacity is achieved if the strength is high, and for drawn bar a good bright finish is achieved only by a reduction which significantly increases strength levels.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Strength, hardness, toughness, elasticity, plasticity, brittleness, and ductility and malleability are mechanical properties used as measurements of how metals behave under a load. These properties are described in terms of the types of force or stress that the metal must withstand and how these are resisted.
Common types of stress are compression, tension, shear, torsion, impact, 1-2 or a combination of these stresses, such as fatigue. (See
Compression stresses develop within a material when forces compress or crush the material. A column that supports an overhead beam is in compression, and the internal stresses that develop within the column are compression.
Tension (or tensile) stresses develop when a material is subject to a pulling load; for example, when using a wire rope to lift a load or when using it as a guy to anchor an antenna. "Tensile strength" is defined as resistance to longitudinal stress or pull and can be measured in pounds per square inch of cross section. Shearing stresses occur within a material when external forces are applied along parallel lines in opposite directions. Shearing forces can separate material by sliding part of it in one direction and the rest in the opposite direction.
Some materials are equally strong in compression, tension, and shear. However, many materials show marked differences; for example, cured concrete has a maximum strength of 2,000 psi in compression, but only 400 psi in tension. Carbon steel has a maximum strength of 56,000 psi in tension and compression but a maximum shear strength of only 42,000 psi; therefore, when dealing with maximum strength, you should always state the type of loading.
A material that is stressed repeatedly usually fails at a point considerably below its maximum strength in tension, compression, or shear. For example, a thin steel rod can be broken by hand by bending it back and forth several times in the same place; however, if the same force is applied in a steady motion (not bent back and forth), the rod cannot be broken. The tendency of a material to fail after repeated bending at the same point is known as fatigue.

Mechanical Advantages

Man first started using machines to make work easier and faster. How much easier and faster a machine makes your work is the mechanical advantage of that machine. In science terms, the mechanical advantage is the number of times a machine multiplies your effort force.
To find the MA of a machine, you can divide the resistance force by the effort force. Most of the time the resistance force is the weight of the object in Newtons.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The Department of Mechanical Engineering offers degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels, leading to the award of Bachelor of Engineering and Masters of Engineering degrees. These programs are based on the semester system. The BE program covers an intensive eight-semester duration of teaching and laboratory work At the MS level, students follow three semesters of teaching, with an option to major in Manufacturing/Production Engineering, Dynamics and Control, Thermal Sciences and Mechanics/Design before embarking on their independent thesis work. Opportunities also exist for exceptional students to continue their graduate work towards a PhD program where individual research at internationally accepted levels is carried out under the supervision of faculty that is best qualified for providing the required guidance.

Under Graduate

At the Department of Mechanical Engineering, we are conscious of the fact that Mechanical Engineering, as a discipline, is the traditional bed-rock of engineering. It is thus all-encompassing, based on well-established laws of nature which are used through ingenuity to design and operate functional products. These products can be basic, such as pulleys and gears; conventional, such as engines and power-producing systems; or advanced, such as control and automation systems for vehicles and machinery. In spite of being traditional, mechanical engineering has undergone quantum leaps in modernization due to rapid advances in electronics and computer technologies. Engineering design, for example, utilizes high-speed computing processes in design and manufacturing, as indeed does computer simulation of fluid flows for the design of super-sonic systems. The premium on mechanical engineering graduates has thus expanded from traditional areas to hi-tech areas. They must thus integrate technologies rather than remain isolated. This requires a multi-disciplinary outlook, which we have been careful to incorporate into our syllabus while maintaining the conventional structure


Post Graduate

The postgraduate curriculum of Mechanical Engineering at College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, has been developed based on the guidelines and discussions with the faculty of international universities with whom the National of sciences and Technology (NUST) has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) The curriculum, being proposed for the award of MS/PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering, has been planned to meet the following objectives

To meet the national requirements.
Meet the requirements of the international universities.
Have the requisite academic background in the state of the art technology for employment in the research and development.
Have design and development training coupled with management and economic background to successfully purue his career as young engineer or even as an entrepreneur at international level

Engineering

Engineering is the science, discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely realize a desired objective or inventions.The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET[1]) has defined engineering as follows:“[T]he creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.”[2][3][4]One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as European Engineer, Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, or Incorporated Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized subdisciplines, each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.

INTRODUCTION

The Department of Mechanical Engineering was founded in 1937. The Department has laboratories and workshops with a built-up area of about 5000 square meters besides the class room area covers approximately 2000 square meters.The wide acceptance of its graduates by the Pakistani industry as well as Universities worldwide for post graduate studies is an indication of the quality assurance being observed.

Quantum mechanics

The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:
Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Classical mechanics

The following are described as forming Classical mechanics:
Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics)
Hamiltonian mechanics, a theoretical formalism, based on the principle of conservation of energy
Lagrangian mechanics, another theoretical formalism, based on the principle of the least action
Celestial mechanics, the motion of heavenly bodies: planets, comets, stars, galaxies, etc.
Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc.
Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
Acoustics, sound ( = density variation propagation) in solids, fluids and gases.
Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium
Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids
Soil mechanics, mechanical behavior of soils
Continuum mechanics, mechanics of continua (both solid and fluid)
Hydraulics, mechanical properties of liquids
Fluid statics, liquids in equilibrium
Applied mechanics, or Engineering mechanics
Biomechanics, solids, fluids, etc. in biology
Biophysics, physical processes in living organisms
Statistical mechanics, assemblies of particles too large to be described in a deterministic way
Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation

Sub-disciplines in mechanics

The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics.
Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the

Types of mechanical bodies

Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc.
Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space.
Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. elastic, or non-rigid, i.e. fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study.
For instance, the motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics, while the analogous movements of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics

Classical versus quantum

The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical mechanics from quantum mechanics.
Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's Laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900. Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. Essential in this respect is the relentless use of mathematics in theories, as well as the decisive role played by experiment in generating and testing them.
Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. The correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theories reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers. Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and (sub)atomic level. However, for macroscopic processes classical mechanics is able to solve problems which are unmanageably difficult in quantum mechanics and hence remains useful and well used

Mechanics

Mechanics (Greek Μηχανική) is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics.

Mechanical

Mechanical engineering, a branch of engineering concerned with the application of physical mechanics
HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning), the mechanical systems of a building
Mechanical (character), one of several characters in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream
Mechanical (Myst), one of the settings in the computer game Myst
Mechanical Animals, the third full-length studio release by Marilyn Manson
Mechanical license, used in the music industry to indicate the payment made from a licensee to the owner of a copyright for the right to mechanically reproduce a song
A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification
Mechanical is often used as a general term to distinguish from another class of item. Mechanical may mean:
Machine, especially in opposition to an electronic item
Mechanical watch, utilizing a non-electric mechanism
Mechanization, using machine labor instead of human or animal labor
Automation, using machine decisions and processing instead of human
Manufactured or artificial, especially in opposition to a biological or natural component
Mechanism (technology), a portion of a mechanical device

ITT Industries Jabsco Clutch Pump

1/4" Electro-Magnetic Clutch Pump
Flow rate: Nominal 62 USgallons/min (234 Litres/min) at 1750rpmSelf-priming from dry up to 2.4m (7.8ft)
Features:
Constructed from marine quality bronze and stainless steel for ruggedness and reliability.
Easy to service and maintain.
Inexpensive to buy and operate.
Will tolerate abrasive wear (this may affect performance - seek advice from your distributer).
Handles hard and soft solids without clogging.
Can pump in either direction.
Will not airlock.
Specifications:
Body: Bronze Impeller: Nitrile Wearplate: Replaceable Shaft: Stainless steel Shaft Seal: Carbon/ceramic mechanical type Bearings: Twin row, ball type Port Type: 1 1/4" NPT Clutch Type: Electro-magnetic 12, 24 or 32Vdc Pulley: 178mm (7") 2A SectionWeight 19.5 lb 8.9 kg
Coil: 12v dc
Amp Draw: 4 amp

ITT Industries Jabsco Clutch Pump