Nature of the Work

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines, and other mechanical devices. Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering disciplines. Engineers in this discipline work on power-producing machines such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines. They also work on power-using machines such as refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment, machine tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial production equipment, and robots used in manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also design tools that other engineers need for their work. In addition, mechanical engineers work in manufacturing or agriculture production, maintenance, or technical sales; many become administrators or managers.

Mechanical Information

Servicing Information

Possibly the most important bit to keep your truck running well

• Valve clearances 0.5mm inlet and exhaust (0.6 on non lead-converted LPG)
• Spark plug gap 0.7mm
• Engine oil 20w/50 (6 litres) 1.25l between min and max on the dipstick
• Gear oil EP80/90
• Grease the axle nipples and propshaft nipples as regularly as you can
  • NB the grease cups under the front axles housngs must be opened and cleaned regularly as they fill with sand/water/mud. A smal amount of silicone sealer may prevent or slow ingress.

• Axle bearings
  • Drive gear (upper/small gear)
    • SKF/FAG 6210 (single row radial ball, open) - dims: 50x90x20
    • INA/FAG/SKF BK4520 or IKO TLAM4520 (drawn cup closed needle bearing) - dims: 45x52x20
  • Driven gear (lower/large gear)
    • Timken JLM104948 (tapered roller/cone)
    • Timken JLM104910 (tapered race/cup)
    • Timken JLM508748 (tapered roller/cone)
    • Timken JLM508710 (tapered race/cup)
  • seals:
    • CR 23451 (STEFA, BB - dims:60x85x8), upper portal/axletube oil seal
    • CR 19687 (STEFA, BB - dims:50x90x10), inner hub grease/oil seal
    • STEFA, BY 80x92x28 (pn#32896 1) - outer hub grease seal -- *this is the impossible to find seal.
      
• Oil filter part number (UK) EOF046 - Volvo 164 high capacity can use EOF024 low capacity and change every 2k miles
• Air Filter part number
• Shock absorbers/dampers - Pro Comp ES9000 part number 927500 and fit perfectly
  

• Disc Brake Conversion

  Whilst this is not something I am planning due to the expense (£600 per axle) it has some very nice advantages that are worthy of discussion.

  The conversion simply changes the hub or stub axle and reduction gear so that a Landrover vented disc and calliper can be used. Not only do you then get superior braking and self cleaning properties the hub plate uses the Landrover 5 stud pattern so you can use whatever wheel you like. Whilst this is of little interest to us Volvo owners (in fact it simply adds even more expense), for those fitting Volvo axles to Landrovers or Range Rovers it mean they can reuse their own wheels so saving a hunk of change.

  Jez is the guy who makes the kit and I'll be getting photos and prices very soon, I hope.

  Fuel Cat lead replacement

• We are all aware that the Volvo engine needs leaded petrol and we mostly use replacement additive. I've been using the fuel cat for several thousand miles and it has been brilliant. No need for measuring out additive and I'm getting [very] slight improvement in consumption but the engine has been generally happier than on the additive.

  Snorkel

  I been through deep water once and it cause merry hell with the truck. The difflock lights still don't work, the air filter element got soaked and stalled the engine which wouldn't restart (no hydraulic lock thank goodness) and the electric fan threw a wobbly. So a snorkel is very high in the list.

  I've bought 10m of 70mm reinforced flexible pipe which fits perfectly over the airfilter opening and some 68mm black downpipe and finally an old mushroom snorkel top. Until I can find the ideal route I've replaced the rotten aluminium stuff with some nice plastic /rubber pipe.

  Conversion to unleaded Petrol/LPG friendly cylinder head - MORE POWER

  Having done about 5,000 km on LPG I found that low down power was getting worse and worse with me having to ride the clutch to get the truck moving. Over about 1500 rpm it was ok but it was seriously fluffy at low revs, off road it was not enjoyable. The engine was rough and noisy when I realised it was suffering from valve recession (the valve seat was being eaten away by the lack of lubrication in the fuel) so I checked the valve clearances, setting inlet to 0.5mm and exhaust to 0.6mm and started the engine .......... and it was lovely. It ran smoothly and quietly and had all its creamy smooth low down torque again. Unfortunately it did not last long with performance going off within 500km. The answer? A refurbished head with hardened exhaust valve seats and guides, easily and cheaply done.

  The cost of converting the head was about £250 for a full rebuild replacing anything that was worn or damaged with a similar amount to swap the head over on the engine (I used a spare head to get converted first). Included in the discussion was the opportunity to increase compression ratio (CR) by skimming the head. My information was that the B30E engines has a head thickness of 87mm compared to the military B30A's 89mm and made 150bhp in stead of 125bhp. I then discovered accidentally that the civilian C303 engines had a head 87mm thick and made 125bhp! This confused me at first until I realised that the TGBs had even lower compression heads and could only make about 110bhp so by skimming 2mm off the head I was almost guaranteed 125bhp and that 55mph cruising speed I desired. This is being put to the test (1st Oct 2006) and I'll let you know how I get on.

  Diesel Conversion

  Possibly the most controversial one of all. Many issues and many opinions, however they can be boiled down to this list:

• Engine only
• Engine and gearbox or
• Engine/box/transfer box complete
• Which engine
• What about gearing and gear shifts

I intend to get some fact together about which engines can be fitted and how easily although I am unlikely to change to diesel. I am intrigued about how it is done so I'm using a TGB20 engine in a frame made from a TGB20 chassis as a test bed for engine fitting starting with a Landrover 200TDi. I'll keep you posted

Climate Change and Water Sources Management: A Federal Perspective

Many challenges, including climate change, face the Nation's water managers. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided estimates of how climate may change, but more understanding of the processes driving the changes, the sequences of the changes, and the manifestation of these global changes at different scales could be beneficial. Since the changes will likely affect fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle, climate change may have a large impact on water resources and water resources managers. The purpose of this interagency report prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is to explore strategies to improve water management by tracking, anticipating, and responding to climate change.

QX-A Diesel Fuel Tank Cleaning Tester

QX-A diesel fuel tank cleaning tester is suitable for cleaning various models of diesel fuel tank. This product design is unique, leading technology, simple operation, and can effectively remove impurities and water.

Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe

STANDARD

GB3087 ——Seamless Steel Pipe For Low and Medium Pressure Boiler
GB5310 ——Seamless Steel Pipe For High Pressure Boiler
GB/T8162——Seamless Pipe For Structural
GB/T8163——Seamless Pipe For Fluid
ASME SA106 ——Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for high-temperature service
ASTM A106 —— Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

GRADE

10、20、20G、SA106B、SA106C、A106B、A106C

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

STANDARD
GRADE
TENSILE STRENGTH(MPA)
MIN YIELD POINT(MPA)
ELONGATION (%)
IMPACT ENERGY（J）
HB
GB3087
10
335～475
≥195
≥24
　
/
20
410～550
≥245
≥20
　
/
GB5310
20G
410～550
≥245
≥24
≥35
/
GB/T8162
10
335
185～205
24
　
　
20
390
225～245
20
　
　
35
510
285～305
17
　
　
45
590
315～335
14
　
　
Q345
490
305～325
21
　
　
GB/T8163
10
335～475
195～205
24
　
　
20
410～550
235～245
20
　
　
Q295
430～610
285～295
22
　
　
Q345
490～665
315～325
21
　
　
ASME SA106
SA106B
≥415
≥240
≥22
≥35
/
SA106C
≥485
≥275
≥20
≥35
/
ASTM A106
A106 Gr.A
≥330
≥205
35 Longitudinal
　
　
25
Transverse
A106 Gr.B
≥415
≥240
30 Longitudinal
　
　
16.5 Transverse
A106 Gr.C
≥485
≥275
30 Longitudinal
　
　
16.5 Transverse

Quantum mechanics

The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:

Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Professional organizations

Applied Mechanics Division, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Fluid Dynamics Division, American Physical Society
Institution of Mechanical Engineers is the United Kingdom's qualifying body for Mechanical Engineers and has been the home of Mechanical Engineers for over 150 years

See also

Analytical mechanics
Applied mechanics
Dynamics
Engineering
Kinematics
Kinetics

Further reading

Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1972). Mechanics and Electrodynamics, Vol. 1. Franklin Book Company, Inc. ISBN 0-08-016739-X.

External links


iMechanica: the web of mechanics and mechanicians
Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor
The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech
Physclips: Mechanics with animations and video clips from the University of New South Wales
U.S. National Committee on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Interactive learning resources for teaching Mechanics

Einsteinian versus Newtonian

Analogous to the quantum versus classical reformation, Einstein's general and special theories of relativity have expanded the scope of mechanics beyond the mechanics of Newton and Galileo, and made fundamental corrections to them, that become significant and even dominant as speeds of material objects approach the speed of light, which cannot be exceeded. Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics, although General relativity has not been integrated; the two theories remain incompatible, a hurdle which must be overcome in developing the Grand Unified Theory.
Types of mechanical bodies

Thus the often-used term body needs to stand for a wide assortment of objects, including particles, projectiles, spacecraft, stars, parts of machinery, parts of solids, parts of fluids (gases and liquids), etc.
Other distinctions between the various sub-disciplines of mechanics, concern the nature of the bodies being described. Particles are bodies with little (known) internal structure, treated as mathematical points in classical mechanics. Rigid bodies have size and shape, but retain a simplicity close to that of the particle, adding just a few so-called degrees of freedom, such as orientation in space.
Otherwise, bodies may be semi-rigid, i.e. elastic, or non-rigid, i.e. fluid. These subjects have both classical and quantum divisions of study.
For instance, the motion of a spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics, while the analogous movements of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics.
Sub-disciplines in mechanics
The following are two lists of various subjects that are studied in mechanics.

Note that there is also the "theory of fields" which constitutes a separate discipline in physics, formally treated as distinct from mechanics, whether classical fields or quantum fields. But in actual practice, subjects belonging to mechanics and fields are closely interwoven. Thus, for instance, forces that act on particles are frequently derived from fields (electromagnetic or gravitational), and particles generate fields by acting as sources. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles themselves are fields, as described theoretically by the wave function.
Classical mechanics

The following are described as forming Classical mechanics:
Newtonian mechanics, the original theory of motion (kinematics) and forces (dynamics)
Hamiltonian mechanics, a theoretical formalism, based on the principle of conservation of energy
Lagrangian mechanics, another theoretical formalism, based on the principle of the least action
Celestial mechanics, the motion of heavenly bodies: planets, comets, stars, galaxies, etc.
Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, etc.
Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
Acoustics, sound ( = density variation propagation) in solids, fluids and gases.
Statics, semi-rigid bodies in mechanical equilibrium
Fluid mechanics, the motion of fluids